Euro Noir: The Essential Guide to European Crime Fiction
Euro Noir by Britain’s leading crime fiction expert Barry Forshaw (author of Nordic Noir) examines the astonishing success of European fiction and drama. This is often edgier, grittier and more compelling than some of its British or American equivalents, and the book provides a highly readable guide for those wanting to look further than the obvious choices.
The sheer volume of new European writers and films is daunting but Euro Noir provides a roadmap to the territory and is also a perfect travel guide to the genre. Barry Forshaw covers influential Italian authors, such as Andrea Camilleri and Leonardo Sciascia and Mafia crime dramas Romanzo Criminale and Gomorrah, along with the gruesome Gialli crime films. He also considers important French and Belgian writers such as Maigret’s creator Georges Simenon to today’s Fred Vargas, cult television programmes Braquo and Spiral, and films, from the classic heist movie Rififi to modern successes such as Hidden, Mesrine and Tell No One. German and Austrian greats are covered including Jakob Arjouni and Jan Costin Wagner, and crime films such as Run Lola Run and The Lives of Others.
Euro Noir also covers the best crime writing and filmmaking from Spain, Portugal, Greece, Holland and other European countries and celebrates the wide scope of European crime fiction, films and TV.
Extract from France
Crime à la Français
In the early twenty-first century, French crime fiction is in good shape – as it was a century ago. An iconic figure in French crime fiction from an earlier era is elegant thief Arsène Lupin, who featured in a series of novels (20 in all) by Maurice Leblanc. These were followed by Lupin stories by other hands and a slew of film and stage adaptations. Leblanc (1864–1941) rivalled even Conan Doyle in popularity, a popularity maintained with the appearance of five sequels from the pen of the writing duo of Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narcejac (discussed separately). Lupin first appeared in short stories in the magazine Je sais tout, beginning in 1905. He is a Gallic cousin of E.W. Hornung's Raffles, whose illegal actions are designed not to alienate the reader - sometimes by the tactic of making his nemeses more criminal than he is. However, from the first major crime author in translation – the influential, prolific and (as he told us) priapic Georges Simenon -- to eccentric modern talents such as Fred Vargas, the history of crime fiction from France has been both striking and unorthodox. And, despite earlier Gallic precursors, the creator of Inspector Jules Maigret (and the most important French writer of crime fiction) surely deserves primary consideration. But, before considering Simenon, it’s necessary to look at one of his illustrious predecessors.
The Godfather: Zola
Two lovers who can't keep their hands off each other’s bodies and who have sex on the floor; an inconvenient and unattractive husband who it is necessary to get out of the way. I know what you’re thinking: James M Cain’s The Postman Always Rings Twice. Or one of its many imitators? No, another writer got their earlier... No less than Emile Zola, with his carnal and unsparing Thérèse Raquin in 1867. Who can write about sex like Zola these days, with everyone now flinching in advance of ironic but ultimately censorious awards or political correctness? Such as this timeless passage:
Then, in a single violent motion, Laurent stooped and caught the young woman against his chest. He thrust her head back, crushing her lips against his own. She made a fierce, passionate gesture of revolt, and then, all of a sudden, she surrendered herself, sliding to the floor, on to the tiles. Not a word passed between them. The act was silent and brutal.
Reading the 2013 Vintage Classics translation by Adam Thorpe of Thérèse Raquin (a tie-in with a new film version of the novel) is salutary. It makes one realise for the first time why Zola was so shocking in his day. Actually, Vintage have done this before. There was a radical new translation the publisher commissioned of Dostoyevsky’s The Devils (as Demons) in the late 90s. Crime writers looking to re-energise their batteries when writing about murder and sex might profitably pick up a novel which was written a hundred and fifty years ago and learn from a master, though both books acquire a disgust for sensuality born of crime which would do the sternest Catholic moralist proud.
Georges Simenon: My Friend Maigret
Crime in translation may be achieving massive breakthroughs in the twenty-first century, but long before this trend, one writer was a standard bearer for the field. George Joseph Christian Simenon was born in Liège on 13 February 1903; his father worked for an insurance company as a clerk, and his health was not good. Simenon found (like Charles Dickens in England before him) that he was obliged to work off his father's debts. The young man had to give up the studies he was enjoying, and toiled in a variety of dispiriting jobs including, briefly, working in a bakery. A spell in a bookshop was more congenial, as Simenon was already attracted to books, and his first experience of writing was as a local journalist for the Gazette de Liège. It was here that he perfected the economical use of language that was to be a mainstay of his writing style, and Simenon never forgot the lessons he acquired in concision. Even before he was out of his teenage years, Simenon had published an apprentice novel, and became a leading light in an enthusiastic organisation styling themselves ‘The Cask’ (La Caque). This motley group of vaguely artistic types included aspiring artists and writers (along with assorted hangers-on). A certain nihilistic approach to life was the philosophy of the group, and the transgressive pleasures of alcohol, drugs and sex were actively encouraged, with winding-down periods in which these issues (and, of course, the arts) were hotly debated. All of this offered a new excitement for the young writer after his sober teenage years. Simenon had always been attracted to women (and continued to be enthusiastically so throughout his life) and in the early 1920s he married Règine Renchon, an aspiring young artist from his own home town. The marriage, however, was not to last.
Despite the bohemian delights of the Cask group, it was of course inevitable that Simenon would travel to Paris, which he did in 1922, making a career as a journeyman writer. He published many novels and stories under a great variety of noms de plume.
Simenon took to the artistic life of Paris like the proverbial duck to water, submerging himself in all the many artistic delights (at a time when the city was at a cultural peak, attracting émigré writers and artists from all over the world), and the writer showed a particular predilection for the popular arts. He became a friend of the celebrated American dancer Josephine Baker after seeing her many times in her well-known showcase La Revue Nègre. Baker was particularly famous for dancing topless, and this chimed in with the note of sensuality that was to run through the writer's life. But as well as sampling the fleshpots (along with more cerebral pursuits), Simenon became an inveterate traveller, and in the late 1920s made many journeys on the canals of France and Europe. There was an element of real-life adventure in Simenon's life at this time, when he became an object of attention for the police while in Odessa (where he had made a study of the poor). His notes from this time produced one of his most striking novels, Les Gens d'en Face (1933), which was bitterly critical of what he saw as the corrupt Soviet regime. As the 1930s progressed, Simenon wrote several of the police procedural novels featuring doughty Inspector Maigret (his principal legacy to the literary world), but he did not neglect his world travels, considering that the more experience of other countries he accrued, the better a writer he would become.
Sentence of Death
Like many Frenchmen, Simenon’s life was to change as the war years approached. In the late 1930s, he became Commissioner for Belgian refugees at La Rochelle, and when France fell to the Germans, the writer travelled to Fontenay. His wartime experiences have always been a subject of controversy. Under the occupation, he added a new string to his bow when a group of films was produced (under the Nazis) based on his writings. It was, perhaps, inevitable that he would later be branded a collaborator, and this stain was to stay with him for the rest of his career. After the war, he decided to relocate to Canada, with a subsequent move to Arizona. The United States had become his home when he began a relationship with Denyse Ouimet, and his affair with this vivacious French-Canadian was to be highly significant for him, inspiring the novel Trois Chambres à Manhattan (Three Rooms in Manhattan, 1946). The couple married, and Simenon moved yet again, this time to Connecticut. This was a particularly productive period for him as a writer, and he created several works set in America, notably the powerful The Hitchhiker in 1955. With its scabrous picture of the destructive relationship between a husband and wife, this echoed the tough pulp fiction of James M Cain. He also tackled organised crime in The Brothers Rico 1954 (subsequently filmed). Towards the end of the 1940s, Simenon became convinced that he was going to die when a doctor made an incorrect diagnosis based on an x-ray. The novel Pedigree (1948) was written under this erroneous sentence of death, but Simenon's time was not yet up. However, always attracted by the prospect of a new relationship, Simenon began to neglect his wife and started an affair with a servant, Teresa Sburelin, with whom he set up house (Denyse ended her days in a psychiatric institution).
By 1971, it had become clear that Simenon was the most successful writer of crime fiction (in a language other than English) in the entire genre, and his character Maigret had become as much of an institution as the author. Simenon created something of a stir with his autobiography in 1971, Quand J'étais Vieux (When I was Old), in which he made his controversial claim that he had had sexual relations with over 20,000 women. This astonishing assertion was met with both scepticism (how had he managed to be such a prolific author if his entire time seems to have been spent in libidinous pursuits?) and a certain distaste at what seemed like boastfulness.
But, leaving such things aside, by the time of his death in 1989, it was clear that the author had created a writing legacy quite as substantial as many more ‘serious’ French literary figures. And Simenon now seems like the Trojan horse for the explosion of interest in foreign crime writing that has taken place in both England and America.
The Simenon novels that can be described as stand-alones (i.e. books in which no continuing detective figure features) are among the most powerful in the genre. But there is absolutely no debate as to which of his creations is most fondly remembered: the pipe-smoking, heavyset French Inspector of Police, Jules Maigret. The detective first appeared in the 1930 novel Pietr-le-Letton (The Case of Peter the Lett, or Pietr the Latvian, as it’s called in a new Penguin translation by David Bellos), and the author has stated that he used characteristics that he had observed in his own great-grandfather. Almost immediately, all the elements that made the character so beloved were quickly polished by the author. Commisaire in the Paris police headquarters at the Quai des Orfèvres, Maigret is a much more human figure than such great analytical detectives as Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, and his approach to solving crimes is usually more dogged and painstaking than the inspired theatrics of other literary detectives. What Simenon introduced that was new in the field of detective fiction was to make his protagonist a quietly-spoken observer of human nature, in which the techniques of psychology are focused on the various individuals he encounters (both the guilty and the innocent). Interestingly, Simenon also gave his protagonist an almost ecclesiastical function, in which his job is to actually make peoples’ lives better (although this usually involves the tracking down and punishing of a clever and devious criminal). Along with this concept of doing some good in society, Simenon decided that Maigret had initially wished to become a doctor, but could not afford the necessary payments to achieve this goal. He also had Maigret working (early in his career) in the vice squad, but with little of the moral disapproval that was the establishment view of prostitution at the time. (Madame de Gaulle famously sought -- in vain -- to have all the brothels in Paris closed down.) Maigret, with his eternal sympathy for the victim, saw these women in that light and remained sympathetic, even in the face of dislike and distrust from the girls themselves (in Maigret and the Hotel Majestic, 1942, the detective has to deal with a prostitute who meets his attempts at understanding with a violent physical attack).